There's been a lot of talk lately about drinking water. You may have seen features in the newspaper, on television news and in popular magazines, even in movies and television specials. This media coverage, combined with the new annual reports on drinking water quality that water systems are sending directly to their customers, is making many people think more about their drinking water. A question many people have on their mind is: Should I be concerned about the tap water that my children are drinking? This booklet explains how national standards contribute to drinking water safety, and helps readers make informed, reasonable choices about the water they and their children drink.

Most tap water is safe for healthy adults and children.

The United States has one of the safest water supplies in the world. Although drinking water often picks up low levels of some contaminants as it flows in rivers and collects in aquifers, these materials usually are not detected at harmful levels. Public water suppliers must monitor their water to make sure it complies with science-based public health standards. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets these maximum allowable levels of contaminants in drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA has set standards for 90 contaminants, seven of which are new standards that will be enforceable before January 1, 2002. People at the federal, tribal, state and local levels work together to protect public water supplies. Federal standards do not include private wells (individual wells serving fewer than 25 persons). Therefore, people receiving water from private wells are responsible for making sure their own drinking water is safe. Some states do set standards for private wells, so well owners should check their state requirements. "Additional Information for Private Well Owners" can help locate resources for well owners.

Problems with drinking water can, and do, occur.

Actual events of serious drinking water contamination are infrequent and usually of short duration. However, treatment problems or extreme weather events may allow contaminants to enter water supplies. In most situations, contaminants are found at levels that do not pose immediate threats to public health. Microbial contaminants (such as bacteria and viruses) are of special concern because they may cause immediate, or acute, reactions, such as vomiting or diarrhea. Long-term exposure to some contaminants (such as pesticides, minerals, and solvents) at levels above standards may cause gastrointestinal problems, skin irritations, cancer, reproductive and developmental problems, and other chronic health effects. If a public water system obtains water from a highly contaminated river, lake, or ground water well, it may have difficulty treating the water to meet current safety standards. If contamination poses an immediate health threat, water suppliers are required by law to notify customers right away. Any violation of a drinking water standard requires public notice.

How drinking water standards protect children.

EPA's current drinking water standards are designed to protect children and adults. The standards take into account the potential effects of contaminants on segments of the population that are most at risk. When EPA sets each standard, the agency conducts a risk assessment, in which scientists evaluate whether fetuses, infants, children, or other groups are more vulnerable to a contaminant than the general population. The standard is set to protect the most vulnerable group.

Often, children are not the most vulnerable group. For example, even though children may be more vulnerable to microbial contaminants than the general public, people with weakened immune systems are even more at risk. People with weakened immune systems include those who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, such as lupus or Crohn's disease, or those under-going chemotherapy. (For more information see the EPA/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's joint guidance on the microbial pathogen, Cryptosporidium, called "Guidance for People with Severely Weakened Immune Systems." It is available by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline or at www.epa.gov/safewater/crypto.html.) If EPA finds that children are the most vulnerable, their risk becomes the most important factor considered in developing the standard. Standards for lead, nitrates, and nitrites are specifically based on risk to children because they are the most vulnerable to these contaminants. If a group other than children is the most sensitive, children are automatically protected.

For most drinking water contaminants EPA regulates, there is little data to indicate whether children are more sensitive than the general public. However, EPA is undertaking research to address this important issue. Children, especially infants, drink more fluid per pound of body weight than adults. Very young children's immune systems are not yet fully developed, making them less able than healthy adults to fight microbes in drinking water. These microbes may induce diarrhea and vomiting, which may cause children to become dehydrated more quickly than adults. Children may also be more susceptible to chemical contaminants that affect learning, motor skills, and sex hormones during important stages of growth.

Despite high confidence in existing standards, EPA is conducting additional research regarding possible impacts of various contaminants on children and other vulnerable populations, and on new and emerging contaminants. For example, EPA is conducting risk assessments that will consider infants' and children's sensitivity and exposure to certain pesticides. EPA is committed to using the best available, peer-reviewed science and data in developing new standards and reevaluating existing ones. Also, EPA continues to monitor localized health problems, including outbreaks caused by microbial contaminants in drinking water and other health problems that may be associated with other contaminants (e.g., solvents and other industrial chemicals).

Contaminants to Which Children May Be Particularly Sensitive

Children are particularly sensitive to the contaminants in the following table. EPA sets standards at levels that protect them. In most circumstances, these contaminants do not present problems, because they do not occur in the drinking water source or because they are reduced, removed or rendered harmless during treatment. If you are concerned about a particular contaminant in your tap water, you should first ask your public water system about the concentration in your tap water, check your annual water quality report (also called Consumer Confidence Report), or have your well water tested. Health effects discussed on this table are specific to children. General information about the contaminants and their potential health effects is listed at www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html and is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, (800) 426-4791. For personal health advice, you should contact your health care provider.

Many layers of protection ensure tap water quality.

Federal, state and tribal governments, in partnership with public water systems, are continuously working to ensure tap water safety. In fact, 1999 marks the 25th year of public health protection under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This statute gives EPA the authority to set enforceable drinking water standards for public water systems. EPA has set standards for 90 chemical, microbiological, radiological, and physical contaminants in drinking water. Public water systems must monitor water according to specific schedules, and deliver water that meets all standards. EPA is required by the Safe Drinking Water Act to focus on the contaminants that pose the greatest public health risk, in setting national standards. The Agency must ensure the standards protect public health, are technically feasible, and are cost-effective.

When setting new drinking water standards, EPA does extensive peer-reviewed research and analysis to ensure the standards will protect public health. States can either adopt and enforce these standards or set and enforce even stricter ones. EPA also establishes guidance, which some states chose to adopt and enforce, to control contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water. Public water systems are responsible for controlling the level of contaminants in drinking water to meet these standards.

Drinking water standards are part of a "multiple barriers" approach to drinking water safety. This includes: protecting drinking water sources to prevent contamination; controlling the discharge of contaminants underground through injection wells (not used for drinking) or shallow disposal systems; treating water to make sure it meets standards; making sure water systems are run by qualified operators; ensuring distribution systems are functioning properly; and making information available to the public on the quality of drinking water. These protections work together to help ensure tap water in the United States is safe.

New requirements ensure protection to children will increase.

In 1997, President Clinton issued an executive order that specifies that each federal agency "shall make it a high priority to identify and assess environmental health and safety risks that may disproportionately affect children," and "shall ensure that its policies, programs, activities, and standards address disproportionate risks to children that result from environmental health risks or safety risks."

Even before the 1997 executive order, children were a priority for EPA's drinking water program. The 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act require EPA to strengthen protection of children by considering the risk to the most vulnerable populations when setting standards. The amendments call for better science, including an analysis of the health effects of vulnerable populations, to use when making regulatory decisions. To address these requirements, EPA considers the special needs of children when identifying new contaminants to regulate, includes children in risk assessments to determine public health goal, and conducts research on children's exposure to contaminants. The 1996 amendments also require EPA to reassess all drinking water standards every six years and consider new data, and thus ensure that standards continue to protect public health, including children.

Meeting new challenges is costly and can require technological improvements.

As new standards are set to reinforce public health protection, public water systems sometimes must install new equipment, improve or replace infrastructure, or make improvements in the way they operate water systems. To help with these costs, EPA provides grants to states, which in turn provide low-interest loans to public water systems to help them comply with new standards. There are also significant costs associated with conducting necessary research and protecting drinking water sources.

Protecting drinking water sources.

EPA emphasizes protecting sources of drinking water from contamination. It is more desirable, effective and economical to prevent contamination of drinking water supplies than to pay for treatment, or to clean up an already-polluted source. States are currently assessing all the drinking water sources within their boundaries. These assessments map the rivers, lakes and ground water wells that supply public drinking water and identify principal threats to water quality. States can also utilize millions of federal dollars to take actions to protect source waters. To learn more about protecting drinking water sources, see www.epa.gov/safewater/protect.html, or call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline.

Once informed about the sources and quality of your local drinking water, you can make the best possible choices about the water you and your children drink.

What YOU can do to make sure tap water is safe for the children of today . . . and tomorrow

Water is an essential nutrient -- necessary for maintaining body temperature, transporting nutrients throughout the body, keeping joints moist, digesting food, ridding the body of waste products, and cooling the body. The American Medical Association recommends that adults should consume about 2-1/2 quarts of water a day; children about half this much. While the best way to consume this amount is by drinking plain water, food and beverages made with water, such as soup and juice, count for part of this amount. It is important to know how to protect this essential nutrient and vital resource.

Learn about your local drinking water: Start by reading your Consumer Confidence Report to learn whether your water system meets all drinking water standards. This report is available from your water supplier, and may be online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm. Understand how your local water supplier is working to provide your community with safe drinking water. Don't be afraid to ask questions. Your water supplier and EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800) 426-4791 are there to help.

Consider the source: Get to know the source of your drinking water, and get involved in activities to protect it. Drinking water source protection is a low-cost means to providing a vital resource. Here are a few simple things you can do to help keep pollution out of the river, lake, stream or aquifer that is your drinking water source:

• Take used motor oil to a recycling center. If you let it drain into a storm sewer or bury it in the trash, it can leak into lakes, rivers and wells. Just one pint of used motor oil can expand over great distances and cause adverse effects to human health and the environment.

• Properly dispose of toxic household trash. For example, batteries contain lead and mercury. Some household cleaners also contain substances that contaminate water. Many communities have special collection sites for these items.

• Do not dispose of chemicals into septic systems, dry wells, storm water drainage wells or other shallow disposal systems that discharge to ground water.

• Find out what your community is doing to protect your water source and get involved. Work with schools, civic groups and others to start a protection program.